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These changes prompt financial firms to innovate and come up with new products that will allow them to stay in business and remain profitable.

This process is called financial engineering. Iqbal, The purpose of this paper is to highlight the application and benefits extracted from Micro application of Musharkah finance in general and agriculture in particular. For this paper, qualitative method of research is adopted. Musharkah is one of the fundamentals of Islam that has direct economic implications. It requires Muslims to share a part of risk among the specified heads in order to achieve economic emancipation and it has wide economic implications.

The objective of the proposal is to investigate how this financial instrument can be used in contemporary times for welfare of farmers and its impact on economy in particular.

The importance of Musharkah as tool of risk management is being ignored by the Islamic banking financial system at micro level. Most of the Islamic countries are agriculturally backward and modernization of agriculture in these countries must be one of the primary concerns of their governments.

Pakistan is an agriculture country and government has separate ministry for food and agriculture but its food import is quite high for past few years. The paper proposes alternative Islamic modes of financing application on agriculture after defining the current practice. Then, it shows macro economic implications of proposed Islamic modes of financing.

This paper consists of three sections. The first section is based on the rationale behind applying Musharkah on agriculture in Pakistan and financial overview of financing of agriculture. Second section discusses Musharkah and Ijarah their characteristics and their relevance with agriculture and preference of Musharkah over other modes of Islamic finance.

The Rationale behind applying Musharkah on agriculture Pakistan has a rich and vast natural resource base covering various ecological and climatic zones; hence the country has great potential for producing all types of food commodities Naseem, Raising agricultural productivity is thus crucial for rapid rural growth World Bank, Though, it agriculture dominates the socio-economic scene with deep inter- linkages with other sectors of the economy.

However, Pakistan is facing food shortage though it is the one of largest producer of agriculture goods in region according to World Bank report. Reason for this crisis is that costs of inputs have gone up and farmer is unable to make tradeoff between his income and expenses.

According to Agricultural Census, there are 5. The large farms are only 7 per cent of the total farms accounting for 40 per cent of the total cultivated area. There has been further subdivision of farms because of inheritance and transfer. Since land in agriculture production process is natural agent, therefore decreasing size of holding has detrimental effect on investment, farm productivity and farm income resulting in 52 per cent poor Pakistanis.

In particular the research focuses on the factors which when geared can lead towards the development of agriculture sector through provision of financial services and technical assistance quality of seed, use of fertilizers, testing of soil, irrigation and storage are few of the provisions.

The paper will further examine the role and scope of Musharakh in addressing the problem of farmers. The recent food crisis gave indication that there is something wrong with actual production and estimation of policy makers. Moreover, there is need for rural development to overcome this crisis in future and motivate people to be part of this development.

Exploiting properly, the unique features of Islamic finance with appropriate adaptability, without compromising Shariah principles will be critical to the growth and promising future of Islamic industry.

Agricultural finance in Pakistan: an Overview The role of agriculture in Pakistan economy is of pivotal nature.

Due to diverse geographical and climatic conditions the country has tremendous potential for growth and development in agriculture. However, adequate and timely financial assistance to the farmers will improve production potential of agriculture sector in the country. The modern concept of agricultural credit envisages establishment of an efficient institutional credit system to serve as a package of credit, supplies and knowledge for the overall strength of the farmers who at present suffer from low productivity and financial insecurity.

A successful credit evaluation system, therefore, should have the basic ingredients to provide adequate amount at the right time and in the right form to help farmers in making a productive use of loan funds. However, Pakistan is facing food shortage though it is the one of largest producer of agriculture goods as mentioned above. Facilitation to this sector by expanding agricultural credit at the grass root level is a credible effort towards economic and rural development.

All these factors in turn stem from lack of funds and technical know how. Dawn leading English newspaper reported that about 81 per cent farmers being small are not in a position to remove all these constraints because of lack of funds. This affects his ability to adopt new technologies hence, the production. To increase agricultural production it is imperative to increase the level of use of agricultural inputs Hasan, According to World Bank that agricultural growth has substantial benefits for low income farmers and tenants approximately 37 percent of the rural poor , but another source of demand besides agricultural growth linkages is needed to rapidly raise the earnings of the rural non-farm sector.

Reason of hesitation is that cost of production has increased over time and it is hard for small farmer to meet the costs of production and servicing of debt. Behind the curtains of food crisis this phenomenon exists that to meet cost of production farmer prefers to grow cash crops instead of food crops. There is a need to diversify the sources of growth by promoting micro and small- scale enterprises particularly in the agriculture and informal sector.

Agriculture is a sector which is not documented nor regulated and adverse effect on demand and supply of agriculture products is not fully understood. If some crop or vegetable gave cash profit to some farmer, all the farmers will grow it next year and because of excess supply demand will decrease and farmers will be in loss.

Documentation and regulation is mandatory that will not only help farmer to cultivate crop that has demand in market but will also helps to export any excess of food commodities. Alternative Islamic Modes of Financing for Agriculture The economy transforms into one in which service and productivity will drive growth. Different sources of financing are required whereby risks should be borne by those most able to absorb them although traditional lending on interest rate sources of funding through the banking institutions continue to be the main source of financing for economic activities.

Agricultural Census stated that there are 5. April — June 35 of conventional system. One of the disadvantages of this is that credit controls and interest rate ceilings encouraged banks to favor large farms even more than their natural disposition to do so and other constraints include unequal distribution of financial resources Mohsin, To improve productivity and income of tillers of the soil who constitute more than three fourth of the farming community appropriate measures should be taken on great priority basis for a country like Pakistan.

The financial sector infrastructure needs to be changed to accommodate the substantial financing requirements of formal and informal sector of agriculture. Alternative of conventional system can be Islamic banking which is interest free and has its own benefits. Interest has no place in an Islamic economy. The Islamic alternative is that financing either is free of any return or it should bear the risk of loss as well if it expects to earn a return Khan, The Islamic finance which operates on modes other than fixed interest rate aims to share profits from activities in the real sector.

Hence, financing of development through such modes is likely to avoid undue economic and financial burden on the beneficiaries. Its emphasis on real sector should also contribute in avoiding instabilities in the financial markets. Islamic banking can have significance in micro finance sector. The failure of government support programs to achieve level of growth in small-scale business in the formal sector is due to number of interrelated factors and inherent nature of interest rate finance is the most important one Mohsin, The author discussed in detail Musharkah and Ijrah their characteristics and their relevance with agriculture and on basis of discussion reasons are given for preference of Musharakh over other of finance discussed.

The shares offered by each one can vary. In general, it may be money or labour and can be the trust of the people Siraj, Offer and acceptance is the cornerstone of the partnership contract and can be of three types: 1. Capital partnership: In this form of partnership, two or more individuals share their capital stipulating that whatever profits they earn are shared among them.

The contract may be limited or unlimited Zuhayli, Credit partnerships: In this form of partnership, two or more creditworthy individuals join in a credit purchase and follow it with a cash sale, thus sharing the profits according to the conditions stipulated in the contract Zuhayli, Physical labour partnerships: In this form of partnership, two or more individuals agree to embark on a joint labour project e.

The partners may be of similar or different professions Zuhayli, Ijaz Ahmed Khan at Islamic Relief Conference said that the most obvious advantage of Musharakh is the protection of the lender against inflation. Ahmed Ahmad provides the example of how the Sudanese Islamic Bank have developed a Musharakh contract in which the bank provides farmers with certain fixed assets such as ploughs, tractors, irrigation pumps, etc.

Since it is a partnership contract, there is no need of collateral or guarantees other than personal guarantees. Now it is practiced by Islamic Banks for home mortgages especially. April — June 37 development and use of water resources and developing a marketing link for the farm output Bendjilali and Khan, It can be best applied for installing tube wells since formal financial institutions fail to improve water availability as cost of capital increases that make impossible for small farmers to utilize it.

DM is not only cheap but it shares risk with farmer. Another land development agreement is known in Tunisia whereby the owner of land and the land developer enters into a contractual arrangement for the development of land.

After the development of land according to agreed specifications a piece of land is given in reward to the developer Khan and Bendjilali, Ijarah An Ijarah is a contract pertaining to usufruct with compensation as defined by Hanafis Zuhayli, Conditions of conclusion 2.

Executability 3. Validity 4. Bindingness 4. The client pays a rent and buys out the partnership share. Ijarah is a contemporary lending methodology that has been increasingly adopted by Islamic lenders and is similar to the concept of leasing. Under this arrangement an entrepreneur short of funds may approach the financier to fund the purchase of a productive asset.

It is best suitable for agriculture related equipment tractor, thrasher and trolleys etc. Banks can build storage houses for commodities. The user may be implied to be a little better off in Ijarah financing than in trading-based financing because of fewer repayment problems as in case of loss the lessor will simply take his asset back and the lessee will only be obliged to worry about the unpaid rent Khan, 4.

Asghr Nadeem Syed a columnist in leading Urdu Newspaper Jang gave suggestion of partnership in agriculture in order to increase productivity and share risk and financial burden with farmers. Alleviation of constraints which are obstacle for optimal utilization of resources is major concern of Islamic economic system and guideline of Muhammad PBUH can be inferred as: 1.

The best strategy of poverty alleviation is to enable the concerned people to participate in the market by improving their capabilities 2. The best indicator of poverty alleviation is to make the poor permanent owners of certain income generating real assets. The role of guideline, promotion and consultancy is vital in the alleviation of poverty Bendjilali and Khan, Musharakh is the best tool to the guidelines provided by Muhammad PBUH. Islamic credit technology has evolved through the growth of the Islamic modes of financing and it is a great break through for small farmers and bankers.

To enhance the capabilities of farmers to participate in the market for generation of productive lands and enhance the productivity of land Musharakh can be best alternative over conventional modes of financing.

Bank being partner on Musharakh basis can train people for optimal use of resources because it will have stake in specific project. Musharakh can bridge the gap of negative trade off between credit and production as result of regression showed.

On the direction of causality between financial development and economic growth Jahri stated that empirical evidence shows that financial development generally leads to economic growth and financial deepening contributes to economic growth more in developing countries than in industrial countries. The intermediary-based view emphasizes the importance of intermediaries in project identification, resource mobilization, monitoring firms and managing risks.

Staying out the market is probably the hardest discipline you will have to learn to master as a trader. Powered by Blogger. You went around all day in a funk because of your lost, and if you continued to trade trying to make your money back, you only dug a dipper hole. The 3 kinds of breakups there are and the 3 approaches you can take to stand a good fighting chanc Price movement is the next most important behind emotional control. It is the discretion of the certain ruler keeping in view the conditions and circumstances of the certain era and financial matters of the public and traders.

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